![]() ![]() Most lignin waste is used as a low-value substrate to produce heat and generate electricity. The global annual production of lignin by the paper and ethanol industries is around 100 million tons. Monomers and oligomers can be used as substrates for biofuel and various chemicals. Several depolymerization methods, such as physical, chemical, and biological, have been successfully applied to lignin to produce monomers and oligomers. However, the potential of lignin remains to be explored due to the complexity of its structure compared with cellulose and hemicellulose. In plants, lignin provides important functions against environmental stresses such as diseases from microorganisms and oxidative stress. Lignin, as a phenylpropanoid biopolymer, gives rigidity to the biomass structure. Lignin is a phenylpropane polymer unit that builds up a strong integrated system with cellulose and hemicellulose in biomass over covalent and hydrogenic linkages. Lignocellulosic biomass is mainly constituted of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, with the composition varying depending on the type of biomass ( Table 1). This review highlights the current situation of lignin valorization employing yeasts as a microbial platform to produce valuable products. The success of future biorefineries may depend on novel approaches to lignin utilization. Research related to the valorization of lignin via the use of microorganisms has gained interest because of the potential to develop low-emission processes yielding valuable biofuels and chemical compounds. Certain biochemical approaches, like thermochemical combined with enzymatic techniques, are commonly applied to gain value-added lignin compounds. The main reasons for this are mostly due to its rigid, complex structures, strong smell, and its toxicity to some living organisms. Achieving success in sustainable lignin valorization has been quite challenging so far. However, currently, most lignin substances are decomposed by burning. It is expected to profit the global economy while maintaining sustainable development. As the most plentiful aromatic biopolymer on the earth, representing around 300 billion metric tons, lignin offers potential for biofuels and diverse chemical production by means of biorefinery processes. The depletion of fossil fuels has given rise to concerns in recent years.
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